Towards the end of the session we will dedicate some time to taking questions from the audience - please write their questions in the chat box and I will call on you to ask them later.
01:08:19	Easwaran E.K. Dr. Vet:	In Kerala State of India, a lot of traditional herbal preparations as well as Hasthayurveda preparations are extensively used mong captive elephnats even now. 
01:11:37	Easwaran E.K. Dr. Vet:	The Tamilnadu Veterinary University and Trans Disciplinary University at Bangalore, India are doing a lot of work on animal ITK domain
01:13:00	Ursula Münster:	Thank you for an amazing day. Unfortunately, I have to leave. see you tomorrow :)
01:17:15	Easwaran E.K. Dr. Vet:	I have documented a number of the Herbal preparations used in Kerala, as part of my PG Diploma on Ethnoveterinary Practice
01:20:31	Thomas R Trautmann:	Could panelists say something about the relation of mahout’s medicinal knowledge to elite physicians and written texts such as the very long Sanskrit text called Hastyayurveda? In the Arthaśāstra it is clear that the physician treating elephants was at a much higher pay grade than the mahout, was probably a brahmin and so forth. Does this valuable research on mahouts and their self-medicating elephants lead to insights about how this becomes formalized in texts and higher paid professionals?
01:21:29	Anindya "Rana" Sinha:	An important project that we must think about also is to document in detail the oral histories of mahout traditions and their practices across different parts of south and southeastern Asia. Especially before these traditions are lost for ever. We should also think of translating many of the classical texts on elephants, their biology and their management, written in several vernacular languages across these countries and cultures into English.
01:21:44	Gilles Maurer:	they are several initiative to document traditional medicine and plants used by/for elephants. One student from Myanmar documented hundreds of plants used by mahouts but also follow a captive elephant for several weeks to identify and collect all plants eaten… It seems that more collaboration between countries/researcher/disciplines are needed ;-)
01:22:22	Alex Greene:	Gilles has that work be published?
01:22:35	Gilles Maurer:	No, grey litterature
01:23:47	Khyne Mar:	i agree Easwaran
01:24:48	Easwaran E.K. Dr. Vet:	Hi Khyne Mar nice to meet you here, Hope you are keeping safe 
01:25:11	Jemma Bullock:	This is a very interesting and relevant topic. Working here in Cambodia with the local indigenous Bunong communities and elephants in Mondulkiri, and the 9 elephants at our sanctuary, we see many cross overs from traditional human medicines from the mahouts which we also now blend with modern medicine for the elephants. As well as watching the elephants self medicate. We have only also in the last few years started more research in these topics and have started foraging databases for the elephants etc with some student research partnerships. We would love to also collaborate on more research on these topics. Jemma. Manager. ELIE and the Elephant Valley Project. eliecambodia.manager@gmail.com
01:25:14	Benjamin Arbel:	There are also old writings on the medical treatment of animals in past centuries which can serve for modern research on the efficiency on the use of natural products for elephant treatment. See , for example, the study of Housni Alkhateeb Shehada, on Veterinary Medicine in Medieval Islam.    Benjamin Arbel 
01:28:06	Gilles Maurer:	Baci in Laos can also be occasionally performed on cars ;-)
01:29:57	Gilles Maurer:	Vital forces could also inhabit minerals, spaces, and so on …
01:36:16	MIchelle Szydlowski:	There have been female mahouts in the private and government sector in Nepal, but they have been largely mistreated and have publicly spoken out about the issues they have faced.
01:39:22	Gilles Maurer:	Regarding gender issues, that’s a little anecdotal, but J. Ellul described the capture rituals in Cambodia. Capturers should not meet their wife or females before going to the hunt. Very interesting recount of these rituals, but unfortunately in French
01:41:35	Easwaran E.K. Dr. Vet:	Sorry had to leave now
01:42:09	Jennie:	There are strict rules during the taming ceremonies in Myanmar too, with women being forbidden to approach certain spiritual areas especially on the first day. 
01:53:19	Erin Ivory:	It is interesting that we look at the elephant-mahout relationship from the mahouts perspective and human culture… but there is not a lot of discussion regarding the elephant perspective of the relationship.
01:53:26	Benjamin Arbel:	Do Elephants really paint?
01:54:15	MIchelle Szydlowski:	Erin—this is a focus of my work in Nepal.  The elephant as equal partner, or sometimes as the victim in a domestic relationship
01:54:22	Benjamin Arbel:	Benjamin
01:55:48	Lusa Hung:	Benjamin no they do not. They are subjugated by a weapon and made to “paint” by the human pulling its ears, stabbing it
01:56:38	Lusa Hung:	If you watch those videos closely you will see the human manipulating the elephant
01:57:09	Lusa Hung:	this is why all these “paintings” look the same. it’s not art
01:57:15	Lusa Hung:	it’s abuse
01:58:27	MIchelle Szydlowski:	I feel rather strongly that we romanticize the mahout relationship.  Instead, should we be focusing on changing the style of management?  I am glad to hear you are trying PRT.  We are trying in Nepal, but once the trainers leave, the mahouts return to dominance methods.
02:01:37	Anindya "Rana" Sinha:	Sreedhar’s and my paper precisely addresses this question: the essential variability in human-animal relationships across two mahout communities in southern India.
02:02:26	Anindya "Rana" Sinha:	The Malasars, for example, follow a combination of PRT and minimal punishment. That's where they stand apart, and excel.
02:04:32	Lusa Hung:	Michelle, agreed. The positive reinforcement principles need to be used with mahouts too
02:06:18	MIchelle Szydlowski:	Thanks, all.  Wonderful papers and discussion!
02:06:26	Erin Ivory:	thanks all!
02:06:26	CosteP:	Thank you all for sharing your work and experiences
02:06:28	Cathy Turner:	Thank you
02:06:30	Jennie:	Thanks everyone!! 
02:06:35	chelseagreer:	Thanks everyone!
02:06:37	HOANG THACH:	Thank you everyone